Core
- Name and draw the structures of methane, ethane, ethene, ethanol, ethanoic acid and the products of the reactions stated in sections 14.4–14.6
- State the type of compound present, given a chemical name ending in -ane, -ene, -ol, or -oic acid, or a molecular structure
- Name the fuels coal, natural gas and petroleum
- Name methane as the main constituent of natural gas
- Describe petroleum as a mixture of hydrocarbons and its separation into useful fractions by fractional distillation
- Name the uses of the fractions as:
- – refinery gas for bottled gas for heating and cooking
- – gasoline fraction for fuel (petrol) in cars
- – naphtha fraction for making chemicals
- – kerosene/paraffin fraction for jet fuel
- – diesel oil/gas oil for fuel in diesel engines
- – fuel oil fraction for fuel for ships and home heating systems
- – lubricating fraction for lubricants, waxes and polishes
- – bitumen for making roads
- Describe the concept of homologous series as a ‘family’ of similar compounds with similar properties due to the presence of the same functional group
- Describe the properties of alkanes (exemplified by methane) as being generally unreactive, except in terms of burning
- Describe the bonding in alkanes
- Describe the manufacture of alkenes and of hydrogen by cracking
- Distinguish between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons
- – from molecular structures
- – by reaction with aqueous bromine
- – from molecular structures
- Describe the formation of poly(ethene) as an example of addition polymerisation of monomer units
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- Describe the formation of ethanol by fermentation and by the catalytic addition of steam to ethene
- Describe the properties of ethanol in terms of burning
- Name the uses of ethanol as a solvent and as a fuel
- Describe the formation of ethanol by fermentation and by the catalytic addition of steam to ethene
- Describe the properties of alkanes (exemplified by methane) as being generally unreactive, except in terms of burning
- – refinery gas for bottled gas for heating and cooking
- Name the fuels coal, natural gas and petroleum
Supplement
- Name and draw the structures of the unbranched alkanes, alkenes (not cis- trans), alcohols and acids containing up to four carbon atoms per molecule
- Describe the general characteristics of an homologous series
- Describe and identify structural isomerism
- Describe substitution reactions of alkanes with chlorine
- Describe the properties of alkenes in terms of addition reactions with bromine, hydrogen and steam