Core
- Describe the characteristic properties of acids as reactions with metals, bases, carbonates and effect on litmus
- Describe the characteristic properties of bases as reactions with acids and with ammonium salts and effect on litmus
- Describe neutrality and relative acidity and alkalinity in terms of pH (whole numbers only) measured using Universal Indicator paper
- Describe and explain the importance of controlling acidity in soil
- Classify oxides as either acidic or basic, related to metallic and non-metallic character
- Describe the following tests to identify:
aqueous cations:
aluminium, ammonium, calcium, copper(II), iron(II), iron(III) and zinc (using aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia as appropriate) (Formulae of complex ions are not required.)
anions:
carbonate (by reaction with dilute acid and then limewater), chloride (by reaction under acidic conditions with aqueous silver nitrate), iodide (by reaction under acidic conditions with aqueous silver nitrate), nitrate (by reduction with aluminium), sulfate (by reaction under acidic conditions with aqueous barium ions)
gases:
ammonia (using damp red litmus paper), carbon dioxide (using limewater), chlorine (using damp litmus paper), hydrogen (using lighted splint), oxygen (using a glowing splint).
Supplement
- Define acids and bases in terms of proton transfer, limited to aqueous solutions
- Describe the meaning of weak and strong acids and bases
- Further classify other oxides as neutral or amphoteric
- Describe the preparation of insoluble salts by precipitation
- Suggest a method of making a given salt from suitable starting material, given appropriate information